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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people who suffer from ADHD take medication to treat the condition. It can help alleviate symptoms, but it also can cause negative side effects. Talk to your doctor in the event of any adverse reactions. The most commonly prescribed medication prescribed by healthcare providers for ADHD is stimulants. These drugs increase the levels of brain chemicals called neurotransmitters, which regulate attention and behavior. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate is a stimulant that is the first choice for treating ADHD in both children and adults is the most commonly prescribed medication. It is effective by increasing the activity in brain regions that regulate behavior and attention. Methylphenidate may also be used to treat other conditions such as narcolepsy. It can help those suffering from narcolepsy stay awake during the day and improve their ability to concentrate and pay attention. This medication could have an extremely high risk of abuse and is considered to be a Schedule II drug by the US Drug Enforcement Agency. Taking this medication exactly as prescribed will reduce the risk for abuse and also other side effects. Methylphenidate may cause psychotic symptoms in some people. It can also cause worse the behavior and tics of people with Tourette syndrome or bipolar disorder. Before starting this medication, people with these conditions must tell their doctor. It is important to inform your doctor if there are any other health problems or are allergic to any foods or dyes (such as tartrazine, a yellow dye present in processed foods as well as some medicines or if you're taking Adhansia XR). Methylphenidate is known to interact with medications, including opioids, antidepressants and monamine oxide inhibitors. These include isocarboxazid, linezolid and methylene blue. rasagiline, Emsam, Zelapar, or the tranylcypromine. It's also important to avoid alcohol and other stimulant drugs when taking methylphenidate. These can have a dangerous impact on your blood pressure and heart rate. The methylphenidate tablets that are immediate-release (Ritalin) and the long-acting chewable tablet and the long-acting orally disintegrating capsule (Quillichew ER and Cotempla XR-ODT) contain phenylalanine, which can be dangerous if you have a genetic condition called Phenylketonuria (PKU). Bupropion Bupropion is an antidepressant drug that works within the brain to improve mood and decrease symptoms of ADHD. It is also used for depression and seasonal depression (SAD) which is a condition that occurs in the winter months of fall and winter. It can also be used to help people stop smoking cigarettes by reducing cravings for nicotine and withdrawal symptoms. Several studies of adults have shown that bupropion helps improve ADHD symptoms when compared to placebo. The fixed-effect RR of the pooled study for improvement over the course of a week (using a clinically meaningful change of 30 percent or more on the CGI scale) is 1.14 (95 percent 95% confidence interval 0.95 to 1.37) and, for overall response, the corresponding percentage of improved subjects was 52 percent in the bupropion treatment group, compared to 37% in the placebo group. Bupropion can have serious and sometimes life-threatening interactions with various medications, including sedatives antidepressants, and blood pressure drugs. It may also increase the risk of seizures in people who have an history of seizures or high blood pressure. It is contraindicated in certain medical conditions and women who are nursing or pregnant should not take it. My Site is available as the brand name medications Wellbutrin SR, Wellbutrin XL, Zyban, Budeprion SR, Aplenzin, and Forfivo XL. It is also available in generic form. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic Antidepressants, also known as TCAs are a type of drugs that function by affecting brain chemicals. They were among the earliest antidepressants that were developed, and though they are no longer a first-line treatment for depression, they are still effective for some patients suffering from other conditions. They work by inhibiting the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline, thereby increasing their presence in neurons. They can also be used to treat a variety of other disorders such as enuresis, pain syndromes like fibromyalgia and the phantom-limb syndrome. TCAs can be prescribed as a single or together with stimulants and they can have a positive effect on the symptoms of ADHD. They can improve core ADHD symptoms and help reduce anxiety, depression and the tendency to be impulsive. In addition, they may help manage disorders like tics, which are repeated and uncontrollable sounds or movements like throat clearing or blinking. TCAs can trigger adverse reactions, including dry mouth and sedation and may increase the risk of heart problems. These drugs can interfere with other medications like anticholinergics and should never be taken by pregnant women. They can also cause teratogenic effects in animals and they can cross the placenta. Consult your doctor if you're concerned. There are antidepressants that are more recent with a lower risk of side effects. Selective serotonin Reuptake inhibition (SSRIs). SSRIs are antidepressants that inhibit serotonin reuptake in neurons and increase the amount of serotonin for signaling. They also reduce anxiety and lower impulsive behavior. They are often used as adhd medication since they can improve symptoms in some people and may be beneficial in conjunction with other medication. Examples of SSRIs are fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine and citalopram. They have linear pharmacokinetics and have a lower clearance from the human body. However they are extensively processed by CYP450 enzymes inside the liver. This results in variable blood levels. They are also prescribed to treat various disorders, such as major depressive disorder, bulimia nervosa generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The SSRIs fluoxetine escitalopram and sertraline can help to reduce PTSD symptoms. However, they don't appear to be effective in treating other PTSD symptoms. SSRIs could cause a rare side effect called sexual dysfunction. It is crucial to discuss this with your doctor if are thinking of taking one of these drugs. It is normal for people to to try several different types of ADHD medications before they discover the one that works best for them. Medications are constantly being developed and tested. It is also important to inform all medications you take to your healthcare provider. Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). If stimulant medications do not work for adults with ADHD doctors prescribe an inhibitor of selective norepinephrine reuptake (SNRI). These medications increase levels of norepinephrine and serotonin, two brain chemical substances. They also improve mood and reduce anxiety and depression. SNRIs are similar to TCAs however, they are more secure and have less side effects. They are used to treat a variety of ailments, such as anxiety disorders as well as chronic pain, such as fibromyalgia and nerve pain. They are also sometimes used as an add-on treatment for depression. Examples of SNRIs include duloxetine (Cymbalta) and Venlafaxine (Effexor). These medications act by inhibiting the absorption (reuptake) of norepinephrine which is a natural reaction in the brain following neurotransmission. This causes a greater than normal the phasic release of norepinephrine. The increased norepinephrine levels help improve mood and concentration. Although SNRIs haven't been approved by the FDA to treat ADHD, some doctors use as an alternative to stimulants. They are usually taken as pills. However, they are also available in liquid form or in patches. In April 2021 the FDA approved an oral SNRI known as viloxazine (Qelbree) to treat ADHD in adolescents and children. It is not a controlled substance since it doesn't have the potential of being misused. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants which affect the levels of norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain. They are used to treat anxiety and depression disorders, but they can also aid in controlling symptoms of ADHD. Numerous studies have demonstrated that SNRI drugs, such as venlafaxine and duloxetine, can significantly lower the scores of various ADHD questionnaires. SNRIs may increase blood pressure or interact with other medications. Therefore, it is essential to consult a doctor before taking these drugs. Additionally, improperly disposed medication could cause harm to people and animals. Therefore, it is essential to follow the proper disposal guidelines. SSRIs and SNRIs aren't approved by the FDA to treat ADHD, but doctors can prescribe them off-label. They are safe and effective, as well as having fewer adverse effects than stimulants. Talk with your doctor about your child's symptoms and talk about the advantages and disadvantages of these medications. SNRIs may increase the body's level of serotonin and norepinephrine, but are not suitable for all. Women who are pregnant or nursing should avoid taking SNRIs because they can be absorbed through breast milk. People with high blood pressure or liver issues should not take them, either, as they can increase the risk of cardiovascular issues. Selective dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (DARPIs). Many people suffering from ADHD discover that medication can help increase their focus and concentration. Some individuals might also notice a decrease in their impulsive behavior. The medication is usually used with behavioral therapy and training to help people understand how to manage their symptoms. It takes time to identify the right medication and dose for each person. In this process, doctors check physical reactions to find the ideal balance between benefits and adverse effects. The stimulant drugs, like methylphenidate, boost the activity of certain brain chemicals that regulate memory and attention. While they are generally effective and safe for most people, they can cause serious side effects, such as reduced appetite and trouble sleeping. These side effects typically go away within several weeks as your body adjusts to the medication. Non-stimulant medications are also available for children as well as adults. They take longer to begin working, but they do increase concentration and control of impulses. These include alpha-2-adrenergic antagonists (atomoxetine and viloxazine), as well as guanfacine. Antidepressants can also help treat ADHD. They can increase norepinephrine which is a neurotransmitter within the brain that assists with impulsive behaviors and depression. Bupropion, an antidepressant has been used to treat ADHD. It was initially prescribed “off-label” for ADHD, but drugmakers eventually came up with extended-release versions and the FDA approved it as a treatment for this disorder.